River Law: Who owns the rivers?

List of Legal Cases
and Law Review Articles

Following is a list of the legal cases and law review articles referenced on the other river law pages.

All U.S. Supreme Court Cases can be found online at www.findlaw.com.

Law review articles that give an overview of river navigability and the Public Trust Doctrine:

Frank, "Forever Free: Navigability, Inland Waterways, and the Expanding Public Interest," 16 U.C. Davis Law Review 579 (1983).

Stevens, "The Public Trust: A Sovereign's Ancient Prerogative Becomes the People's Environmental Right," 14 U.C. Davis Law Review 195 (1980).

Federal court decisions that support navigability for title purposes--public ownership rather than private--of rivers that are usable for recreation:

Alaska v. Ahtna, Inc., 891 F.2d 1401, 1405 (9th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 495 U.S. 919 (1990).
Regarding the Gulkana River in Alaska, use of the river by aluminum power boats and inflatable rafts for guided fishing and sightseeing trips since 1970's was found to be sufficient to prove the Gulkana's navigability for title purposes at time of statehood (1959.) "To deny that this use of the river is commercial because it relates to the recreation industry is to employ too narrow a view of commercial activity." (891 F.2d at 1405.)

State ex rel. New York State Dept. of Conservation v. Federal Energy Regulatory Comm., 954 F.2d 56, 60-62 (2d Cir. 1992).
New York's Salmon River found to be navigable for Commerce Clause purposes, in part based on evidence of current use by commercial fishing guides using drift boats.

Sawczvk v. U.S. Coast Guard, 499 F.Supp. 1034, 1034 (W.D.N.Y, 1980).
Lower Niagara River in New York found navigable for admiralty law purposes based in part on evidence of intermittent, commercial white water rafting use.

Goodman v. City of Crystal River, 669 F.Supp. 394, 395-396, 399-400 (M.D.Fla. 1987).
Three Sisters Springs in Florida found navigable for Commerce Clause purposes based solely on small craft use, particularly for commercial fishing and sightseeing operations.

Swans Falls Corp., 53 F.E.R.C. 61,309 (1990).
Saco River in Maine navigable under federal Commerce Clause test based in principal part on extensive, contemporary canoe use (a portion of which was commercial use).

David Zinkie, 53 F.E.R.C. 61,029 (1990).
Fawn River in Indiana found navigable under Commerce Clause based solely on its potential for commercial recreation, even though no evidence was presented of any actual commercial recreational operations.

State of North Dakota v. Hoge, Case No. Civil A1-83-42 (D.N.D. 1984) [unreported decision]. Painted Woods Lake found navigable for title purposes; evidence showed the lake was used for recreational boating, hunting and fishing since the early 1900's.

United States v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 311 U.S. 377, 416 (1940). (Involving Commerce Clause jurisdiction.) "Nor is lack of commercial traffic a bar to a conclusion of navigability where personal or private use by boats demonstrates the availability of the stream for the simpler types of commercial navigation."

Sample cases regarding state tests of navigability, for purposes other than title:
(Keep in mind that states cannot create their own tests of navigability for title purposes--for purposes of determining whether the river is public or private--because that is a matter of federal law which applies nationwide per the above cases.)

California: People ex rel. Baker v. Mack, 19 Cal.App.3d 1040, 1050, 97 Cal.Rptr. 448, 454 (1971) (articulating "recreational boating test" of navigability, for purposes of public access rights).

Wisconsin: Muench v. Public Service Comm., 261 Wis. 492, 53 N.W.2d 514 (1952); Village of Menomonee Falls v. Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, 412 N.W.2d 505 (Wis. 1987).

Wyoming: Day v. Armstronq, 362 P.2d 187 (Wyo. 1961).

Louisiana: Louisiana v. Barras, 602 So.2d 301 (La. 1992).

New York: People ex rel. New York, O. and W. Ry. v. State Tax Comm., 110 Misc. 774, 101 N.Y.S. 464, 466 (1921).

Law review articles regarding river navigability and the Public Trust Doctrine as it affects rivers, wildlife, and other public resources:

Bean, The Developing Law of Wildlife Conservation On The National Forest and National Resources Land, 4 J. OF CONTEMP. L. 58 (1977).
Caplin, Is Congress Protecting Our Waters? The Controversy Over Section 404, Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, 31 U. OF MIAMI L. REV. 445 (1977).
Cohen, The Constitution, The Public Trust Doctrine and The Environment, 1970 UTAH L. REV. 388 (1970).
Corker, Thou Shalt Not Fill Public Waters Without Public Pemission--Washington's Lake Chelan Decision, 45 WASH. L. REV. 65 (1970).
Corker, Where Does The Beach Begin, 42 WASH. L. REV. 33 (1966).
Dellwo, Indian Water Rights--The Winters Doctrine Updated, 6 GONZAGA L. REV. 215 (1971).
Douglas, Coastal Resources Planning and Control: The California Approach, 5 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 741 (1975).
Eikel and Williams, The Public Trust Doctrine and The California Coastline, 6 THE URBAN LAWYER 519 (1974).
Etling, Who Owns The Wildlife? 3 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 23 (1973).
Johnson & Morry, Filling and Building On Small Lakes--Time For Judicial and Legislative Controls, 45 WASH. L. REV. 29 (1970).
Kramon, Section 1O of the Rivers and Harbors Act: The Emergency of a New Protection for Tidal Marshes, 33 MARYLAND L. REV. 229 (1973).
Leighty, The Source and Scope of Public and Private Rights in Navigable Waters, 5 LAND AND WATER L. REV. 391 (1970).
Lewis, A Capsule History and the Present Status of the Tidelands Controversy, 3 NATURAL RESOURCES LAWYER 620 (1970).
Luken, Preservation of Wetlands: The Case of San Francisco Bay, 14 NATURAL RESOURCES J. 139 (1974).
MacGrady, The Navigability Concept in the Civil and Common Law: Historical Development, Current Importance, and Some Doctrines that Don't Hold Water, 3 FLA. STATE UNIVERSITY L. REV. 511 (1975).
McKnight, Title to Lands in the Coastal Zone: Their Complexities and Impact on Real Estate Transactions, CALIFORNIA STATE BAR JOURNAL, September-October 1972.
Porro, Invisible Boundary--Private and Sovereign Marshland Interests, 3 NATURAL RESOURCES J. 512 (1970).
Ranquist, The Winters Doctrine and How It Grew: Federal Reservation of Rights to the Use of Water, 1975 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY L. REV. 639.
Rauscher, The Lake Chelan Case--Another View, 45 WASH. L. REV. 523 (1970).
Reed, Should Rivers Have Running? Toward Extension of the Reserved Rights Doctrine to Include Minimum Stream Flows, 12 IDAHO L. REV. 153 (1976).
Sax, The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention, 68 MICH. L. REV. 474, et seq. (1970).
Smith, The Great Pond Ordinance--Collectivism in Northern New England, 30 BOSTON UNIVERSITY L. REV. 178 (1950).
Smythe, Environmental Law--Expanding The Definition of Public Trust Uses, 51 N.C. L. REV. 316 (1972).
Trelease, Water Rights of Various Levels of Government--States' Rights vs. National Powers, 19 WYO. L. J. 189 (1964).
Veeder, Indian Prior and Paramount Rights to the Use of Water, 16 ROCKY MOUNTAIN MINERAL LAW INSTITUTE 631 (1971).
Waite, The Dilemma of Water Recreation, and A Suggested Solution, 1958 WIS. L. REV. 542.
Weston, Public Rights in Pennsylvania Waters, 49 TEMPLE LAW QUARTERLY 515 (1976).

Law Review Comments:

California Beach Access: The Mexican Law and the Public Trust, 2 ECOLOGY L. QUARTERLY 571 (1972).
California's Tidelands Trust for Modifiable Public Purposes, 6 LOYOLA OF LOS ANGELES L. REV. 486 (1973).
Navigation Servitude--The Shifting Rule of No Compensation, 7 LANDS AND WATER L. REV. 501 (1972).
New Mexico's National Forests and the Implied Reservation Doctrine, 16 NATURAL RESOURCES LAW JOURNAL 976 (1976).
The Public Trust Doctrine, 59 MARQUETTE L. REV. 787 (1976).
The State Navigation Servitude, 4 LAND AND WATER L. REV. 521 (1969).
Water Recreation--Public Use of Private Waters, 52 CALIF. L. REV. 171 (1964).

Law Review Notes:

Coastal Zone Management--The Tidelands: Legislative Apathy vs. Judicial Concern, 8 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 695 (1971).
Conveyances of Sovereign Lands under the Public Trust Doctrine: When Are They in the Public Interest? 24 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA L. REV. 285 (1972).
Defining Navigable Waters and the Application of the Public Trust Doctrine in North Carolina: A History and Analysis, 49 N.C. L. REV. 888 (1971).
In-Stream Appropriation for Recreation and Scenic Beauty, 12 IDAHO L. REV. 263 (1976.)
Navigable Rights--Absolute or Reasonable, 5 GONZAGA L. REV. 307 (1970).
Public Trust in Tidal Areas: A Sometime Submerged Traditional Doctrine, 79 YALE L.J. 762 (1970).
State Citizen Rights Respecting Greatwater Resource Allocation: From Rome to New Jersey, 25 RUTGERS L. REV. 571 (1971).
Wetlands' Reluctant Champion: The Corps Takes A Fresh Look at "Navigable Waters," 6 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 217 (1975).

Law Reviews:

80 HARVARD L. REV. 1582 (1973).
23 LOYOLA L. REV. 563 (1977).
50 TULANE L. REV. 193 (1975).

Legal cases regarding navigability and the Public Trust Doctrine:

English Cases, in alphabetical order:

Attorney General v. Chambers, 43 Eng.Rep. 486 (1854).
Attorney General v. Farmer, 83 Eng.Rep. 125 (K.B. 1676).
Attorney General v. Parmeter, 10 Price 378, 147 Eng. Rep. 345 (Ex. 1811) aff'd by House of Lords under name of Parmeter v. Gibbs, 10 Price 412, 147 Eng.Rep. 356 (H.L. 1813).
Attorney General v. Richards, 2 Anstruther 603, 145 Eng.Rep. 980 (1795).
Attorney General v. Tomline L.R. 12 Ch.Div. 214 (1879) aff'd L.R. 14 Ch.Div. 58 (1880).
Attorney General v. Wright, 2 Q.B. 318 (1897).
Baggot v. Orr, 2 Bos. and P. 473, 126 Eng.Rep. 1391 (C.P. 1801).
Ball v. Herbert, 3 T.R. 353, 100 Eng.Rep. 560 (K.B. 1789).
Blundell v. Catterall, 5 B & Aid. 26, 106 Eng.Rep. 1190 (1821).
Bulstrode v. Hall and Stephens, 1 Sid. 148, 82 Eng.Rep. 1024 (K.B. 1663).
Carter v. Murcot, 4 Burr. 2162, 98 Eng.Rep. 127 (K.B. 1768).
Kirby v. Gibs, 84 Eng.Rep. 183 (K.B. 1667).
Lord Fitzwalter, 1 Mod. 105, 86 Eng.Rep. 766 (1674).
Murphy v. Ryan, 2 Ir. R.C.L. 143 (1868).
Parmeter v. Gibbs, 10 Price 412, 147 Eng.Rep. 356 (H.L. 1813).
Rex v. Clark, 12 Mod. 615, 88 Eng.Rep. 1558 (1701).
The Royal Fishery of the River Banne, Davis 55, 80 Eng.Rep. 540 (K.B. 1610).
Warren v. Matthews, 6 Mod. 73, 91 Eng.Rep. 312 (K.B. 1703).

United States Cases, in alphatetical order:

Abbot v. Doe, 5 Ala. 393 (1843).
Adams v. Elliott, 128 Fla. 79, 174 So. 731 (1937).
Alabama v. Texas, 347 U.S. 272, 98 L.ed 689 (1954).
Alameda Conservation Assn. v. City of Alameda, 264 Cal.App, 2d 284, 7O Cal. Rptr. 264 (1968), cert. denied 394 U.S. 906, reh. denied 394 U.S. 994.
Albright v. Sussex County Lake & Park Comm'n, 71 N.J.L. 303, 57 A. 398 (Ct. Err. & App. 1904), rev'g 68 N.J.L. 523, 53 A. 612 (Sup. Ct. 1902).
Alien v. Alien, 19 R.I. 114, 32 Atl. 166 (1895).
Anderson v. Columbia Contract Co., 94 Or. 171, 184 P. 240, 185 P. 231 (1919).
Application of Sandborn, 57 Haw. 585, 562 P.2d 771 (1977).
Application of Kamakana, -- Haw. --, 574 P.2d 346 (1978).
Arizona v. California, 373 U.S. 546, 1O L.ed 2d 542 (1963).
Arizona v. California, 283 U.S. 423, 75 L.ed 1154 (1931).
Arkansas v. Mallory, 73 Ark. 236, 83 S.W. 955 (1904).
Arnold v. Mundy, 6 N.J.L. 1 (Sup. Ct. 1821).
Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 80 L.ed 688 (1936).
Attorney General v. Revere Copper Co., 152 Mass. 444, 25 N.E. 605 (1890).
Attorney General ex rel Comm'r v. Taggert, 306 Mich. 432, 11 N.W.2d 193 (1943).
Atwood v. Hammond, 4 Cal.2d 31, 48 P.2d 20 (1935).
Avco Community Developers, Inc. v. South Coast Reg. Comm'n, 132 Cal. Rptr. 386, 553 P.2d 546 (1976). Appeal dismissed 429 U.S. 1083, 51 L.ed 2d 529 (1977).
Avondale Irr. Dist. v. North Idaho Properties, 99 Idaho 30, 577 P.2d 9 (1978).

Bach v. Sarich, 74 Wash.2d 575, 445 P.2d 648 (1968).
Baer v. Moran Brothers Company, 153 U.S. 287, 38 L.ed 718 (1894), affg 2 Wash. 608, 27 P. 470.
Barney v. City of Keokuk, 94 U.S. 324, 24 L.ed 224 (1876).
Barnridge v. United States, 101 F.2d 295 (8th Cir. 1939).
Barry v. Grela, 361 N.E.2d 1251 (Mass. 1977).
Bayley v. Kane, 16 Wash.App. 877, 560 P.2d 1165 (1977).
Bell v. Gough, 23 N.J.L. 624 (Errors and Appeals 1852) affg (on different grounds) 22 N.J.L. 441 (Sup. Ct. 1850), and 21 N.J.L. 156 (Sup. Ct. 1847) (See Gough v. Bell).
Berkeley v. Superior Court, 82 Cal.App.3d 403, 147 Cal. Rptr. 113 (1978) (1 Civil 42466, Sup. Ct. No. 422942)
Best v. State, 153 Wash. 168, 279 P. 388 (1929).
Bishop v. Mahiko, 35 Haw. 608 (1940).
Blask v. Sowl, 309 F.Supp. 909 (W.D. Wis. 1967).
Bohn v. Albertson, 107 Cal.App.2d 738, 238 P.2d 128 (1951).
Bolsa Land Co. v. Burdick, 151 Cal. 254, 90 P. 532 (1907).
Bonelli Cattle Co. v. Arizona, 414 U.S. 313, 38 L.ed 2d 526 (1973).
Borax Consolidated, Ltd v. City of Los Angeles, 296 U.S. 10, 80 L.ed 9 (1935), affg 74 F.2d 901, which rev'd 5 F.Supp. 281.
Boyer, Ex Parte, 109 U.S. 629, 27 L.ed 1056 (1884).
Brewer-Elliott Oil & Gas Co. v. United States, 260 U.S. 77, 67 L.ed 140 (1922).
Brindley v. Borough of Lavallette, 33 N.J. Super. 344, 110 A.2d 157 (L. Div. 1954).
Brown v. Chadbourne, 31 Me. 9 (1849).
Brusco Towboat Co. v. State Land Board, 30 Or.App. 509, 567 P.2d 1037 (1977).
Burgess v. M/V Tamano, 370 F.Supp. 247 (1973), affd without opinion 559 F.2d 1200 (1973).
Burrus v. Edward Rutledge Timber Co., 34 Idaho 606, 202 P. 1067 (1921).
Butler v. Attorney General, 195 Mass. 79, 80 N.E. 688 (1907).

California Co. v. Price, 225 La. 706, 74 So.2d 1 (1954).
Calkins v. Hart, 219 N.Y. 145, 113 N.E. 785 (1916).
Callahan v. Price, 26 Idaho 745, 146 P. 732 (1915).
Camping Commission of the Pacific Northwest Conference of the Methodist Church v. Ocean View Land, Inc., 70 Wash.2d 12, 421 P.2d 1021 (1966).
Candlestick Properties, Inc. v. San Francisco Bay Conservation & Dev. Comm'n, 11 Cal.App.3d 557, 89 Cal.Rptr. 897 (1970).
Cappaert v. United States, 426 U.S. 128, 48 L.ed 2d 523 (1976).
Carson v. Blazer, 2 Binn. 475, 4 Am.Dec. 463 (Pa., 1810).
Castner v. The Steamboat Dr. Franklin, 1 Minn. 73 (1852).
CEEED v. California Zone Conservation Comm., 43 Cal. App.3d 306, 118 Cal.Rptr. 315 (1974).
Chain O'Lakes Protective Ass'n v. Moses, 53 Wis.2d 579, 193 N.W.2d 708 (1972).
Chapman v. Dean, 58 Or. 475, 115 P. 154 (1911).
Choctaw Nation v. Oklahoma, 397 U.S. 620, 25 L.ed 2d 615, reh. denied 398 U.S. 945, 26 L.ed 2d 285, rev'g 402 F.2d 739 (1Oth Cir. 1968).
City and County of San Francisco v. LeRoy, 138 U.S. 656, 34 L.ed 109 (1891).
City of Elsinore v. Temescal Water Co., 36 Cal.App.2d 116, 97 P.2d 274 (1939).
City of Long Beach v. Lisenby, 175 Cal. 575, 166 P. 333 (1917).
City of Long Beach v. Mansell, 3 Cal.3d 462, 476 P.2d 423, 91 Cal.Rptr. 23 (1970).
City of Long Beach v. Morse, 31 C.2d 254, 188 P.2d 17 (1947).
City of Los Angeles v. Aitken, 10 Cal.App.2d 460, 52 P.2d 585 (3d Dist. 1935).
City of Madison v. State, 1 Wis.2d 252, 83 N.W.2d 674 (1957).
City of Madison v. Tolzmann, 7 Wis.2d 570, 97 N.W.2d 513(1959).
City of Milwaukee v. State, 193 Wis. 423, 214 N.W. 820 (1927).
City of Oakland v. Williams, 206 Cal. 315, 274 P. 328 (1929).
City of Redondo Beach v. Taxpayers & Property Owners of Redondo, 54 Cal.2d 126, 352 P.2d 170 (1960).
Cobb v. Davenport, 32 N.J.L. 369 (Sup.Ct. 1867).
Colberg, Inc. v. State, 67 Cal.2d 408, 432 P.2d 3 (1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 949 (1968).
Collins v. Gerhardt, 237 Mich. 38, 211 N.W. 115 (1926).
Columbia River Fisherman's Protective Union v. City of St. Helens, 160 Or. 654, 87 P.2d 195 (1939).
Commonwealth v. Alger, 7 Cush. 53, 61 Mass. 53 (1851).
Commonwealth v. Inhabitants of Charlestown, 18 Mass. 180, 1 Pickering 180 (1822).
Complaint of Wasson, 495 F.2d 571 (7th Cir. 1974).
Conger v. Pierce County, 116 Wash. 27, 198 P. 377 (1921).
Cook v. Dabney, 70 Or. 529, 139 P. 721 (1914), app. dismissed, 242 U.S. 660, 61 L.ed 549 (1916).
Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 53 U.S. (12 How.) 299, 13 L.ed 996 (1851).
Cooper v. Wisdom, 440 F.Supp. 1027 (S.D. Fla. 1977).
Corvallis and Eastern Railway Co. v. Benson, 61 Or. 359, 121 P. 418 (1912), dismissed 235 U.S. 691, 59 L.ed 428 (1914).
County of Hawaii v. Sotomura, 55 Hawaii 176, 517 P.2d 57 (1973).
County of Orange v. Heim, 106 Cal.Rptr 825, 30 Cal.App.3d 694 (1973).
Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190, 50 L.ed 2d 397 (1976).
Cummings v. City of Chicago, 188 U.S. 410, 47 L.ed 525 (1903).

Damon v. Territory of Hawaii, 194 U.S. 154, 48 L.ed 916 (1904), rev'g 14 Hawaii 465 (1904).
Davis v. U.S., 185 F.2d 938 (9th Cir. 1950), cert. denied 340 U.S. 932 (1951).
Day v. Armstrong, 362 P.2d 137 (Wyo. 1961).
Department of Environmental Protection v. Jersey Central Power and Light Co., 133 N.J. Super. 375, 336 A.2d 750 (1975), rev'd on other grounds 69 N.J. 102, 351 A.2d 337 (1976).
Department of Game v. Puyallup Tribe, 414 U.S. 44, 38 L.ed 2d 254 (1973).
Diversion Lake Club.v. Heath, 126 Tex. 129, 86 S.W.2d 441 (1935).
Douglas v. Sea Coast Products, Inc., 431 U.S. 265, 52 L.ed 2d 304 (1977).
Dunham v. Lamphere, 69 Mass. (3 Gray) 268 (1855).

Eagle Cliff Fishing Co. v. McGowan, 70 Or. 1, dismissed on stipulation 248 U.S. 589, 63 L.ed 435 (1918).
Eastlake Community Council v. Roanoke Ass'n, Inc., 82 Wash.2d 475, 513 P.2d 36 (1973).
Economy Light and Power Co. v. United States, 256 U.S. 113, 65 L.ed 847 (1921).

Federal Power Commission v. Oregon, 349 U.S. 435, 99 L.ed 1215 (1955), rev'g 211 F.2d 347 (9th Cir. 1954)(Pelton Dam case).
Federal Power Commission v. Union Electric Co. (Taum Sauk), 381 U.S. 90, 14 L.ed 2d 239(1965).
Fields v. Wilson, 186 Or. 491, 207 P.2d 153 (1949).
Firemen's Fund Ins. Co. v. Standard Oil Co. of Cal., 339 F.2d 148 (9th Cir. 1964).

Geer v. Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519, 40 L.ed 793 (1896).
Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1, 6 L.ed 23 (1824).
Gibson v. United States, 166 U.S. 269, 41 L.ed 996 (1897).
Gilman v. Philadelphia, 70 U.S. (3 Wall.) 713, 18 L.ed 96 (1865).
Gion v. City of Santa Cruz, 2 Cal.3d 29, 465 P.2d 50 (1970).
Gough v. Bell, 23 N.J.L. 624 (Errors and Appeals 1852), aff'g (on different grounds) sub nom Bell v. Gough, 22 N.J.L. 441 (Sup.Ct. 1850), 21 N.J.L. 156 (Sup.Ct. 1847).
Guess v. Read, 290 F.2d 622 (5th Cir. 1961), cert. denied 368 U.S. 957, 7 L.ed 2d 388 (1962).
Guilliams v. Beaver Lake Club, 90 Or. 13, 175 P. 437 (1918).
Gulf Oil Corporation v. State Mineral Board, 317 So.2d 576 (1975).

Hallock v. Suitor, 37 Or. 9, 60 P. 384 (1900).
Hardin v. Jordan, 140 U.S. 371, 35 L.ed 428 (1891).
Harris v. Hylebos Industries, Inc., 81 Wash.2d 770, 505 P.2d 457 (1973).
Hay v. Bruno, 344 F.Supp. 286 (D.Or. 1972).
Heard v. Town of Refugio, 129 Tex. 349, 103 S.W.2d 728 (1937).
Hefferline v. Langkow, 15 Wash.App. 896, 552 P.2d 1079 (1976).
Home v. Richards, 8 Va. (4 Call.) 441 (1798), 2 Am.Dec. 574.
Hughes v. Washington, 67 Wash.2d 799, 410 P.2d 20 (1966) rev'd on other grounds 389 U.S. 290, 19 L.ed 2d 530 (1967).
Hunt v. United States, 278 U.S. 96 (1928).
Hyland v. Borough of Allenhurst, 148 N.J. Super. 437, 372 A.2d 1133 (1977).

Idaho Department of Parks v. Idaho Department of Water Administration, 96 Idaho 440, 530 P.2d 924 (1974) (Malad Canyon case).
Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Illinois, 146 U.S. 387, 36 L.ed 1018 (1892).
Ivanhoe Irrigation District v. McCracken, 357 U.S. 275, 2 L.ed 2d 1313 (1958).

Judd v. Bernard, 49 Wash.2d 619, 304 P.2d 1046 (1956).
Just v. Marinette County, 56 Wis.2d 7, 201 N.W.2d 761 (1972).

Kalez v. Spokane Valley Land, etc. Co., 42 Wash. 43, 84 P. 395.
Kelley ex rel. MacMullan v. Hallden, 51 MICH, APP. 176, 214 N.W.2d 856 (1974).
King v. Oahu Railway and Land Co., 11 Hawaii 717 (1899).
Kleppe v. New Mexico, 426 U.S. 529, Reh. denied 429 U.S. 873, 49 L.ed 2d 34 (1976).
Kmiec v. Town of Spider Lake, 60 Wis.2d 640, 211 N.W.2d 471 (1973).
Knight v. United Land Association, 142 U.S. 161, 35 L.ed 974 (1891).
Knudson v. Kearney, 171 Ca7. 250, 152 P. 541 (1915).
Kuramo Co. v. Hamada, 30 Hawaii 841 (1929).

Lamprey v. Metcalf, 52 Minn. 181, 53 N.W. 1139 (1893).
Lebanon Lbr. Co. v. Leonard, 68 Or. 147, 136 P. 891 (1913).
Lembeck v. Nye, 47 Ohio St. 336, 24 N.E. 686 (1890).
Lewis Blue Point Oyster Cultivation Co. v. Briggs, 229 U.S. 82, 57 L.ed 1083 (1913).
License Cases, 46 U.S. (5 How.) 504, 12 L.ed 256 (1847).
Linning v. United States, 328 F.2d 603 (5th Cir. 1964).
Lundberg v. University of Notre Dame, 231 Wis. 187, 282 N.W. 70, 285 N.W. 839 (1939).
Luscher v. Reynolds, l53 Or. 625, 56 P.2d 1158 (1936).
Lux v. Haggin, 69 Cal. 255, 10 P. 674 (1886).

MacGibbon v. Board of Appeals of Duxbury, 340 N.E.2d 487, reh. denied 344 N.E.2d 185(Mass. 1976).
Mallon v. City of Long Beach, 44 Cal.2d 199, 282 P.2d 481 (1955).
Manchester v. Massachusetts, 139 U.S. 240, 35 L.ed 159 (1891).
Mapleleaf Investors v. Washington, 88 Wash.2d 726, 566 P.2d 1162 (1977).
Marks v. Whitney, 6 Cal.3d 251, 98 Cal.Rptr 790, 491 P.2d 374 (1971).
Marret v. United States, 82 Ct.C1. 1 (1935), cert. denied 299 U.S. 545, 81 L.ed 401, rehearing denied 299 U.S. 620, 81 L.ed 457.
Martin v. Busch, 93 Fla. 535, 112 So. 274 (1927).
Martin v. Waddell, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 366, 10 L.ed 997 (1842).
Maryland Department of Natural Resources v. Amerada Hess Corp., 350 F.Supp. 1060 (D.Md. 1972).
McCarter v. Hudson Valley Water Co., 209 U.S. 349, 52 L.ed 828 (1908).
Micelli v. Andus, 61 Or. 78, 120 P. 737 (1912).
Miller v. Lewiston-Clarkston Canning Co., 35 Idaho 669, 209 P. 194 (1922).
Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416, 64 L.ed 641 (1920).
Monroe v. Withycombe, 84 Or. 328, 165 P. 227 (1917).
Moore v. United States, 157 F.2d 760 (9th Cir. 1946), cert. denied 330 U.S. 827, 91 L.ed 1277.
Morse v. Division of State Lands, 31 Or.App. 1309, 572 P.2d 1075 (1977).
Munn v. People of Illinois, 94 U.S. (4 Otto) 113, 24 L.ed 77 (1877).
Myrtle Point Transp. Co. v. Port of Coquille River, 86 Or. 311, 168 P. 625 (1918).

Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Callaway, 392 F.Supp. 685 (1975).
Neptune City v. Borough of Avon-by-the-Sea, 61 N.J. 296, 294 A.2d 47 (1972).
Neterer v. State, 98 Wash. 635, 168 P. 170 (1917).
Newcomb v. City of Newport Beach, 7 Cal.Ed 393, 60 P.2d 825 (1936).
New Mexico State Game Comm. v. Udall, 410 F.2d 1197 (1Oth Cir. 1969), cert. denied 396 U.S. 961 (1969).
Northern Pacific R. Co. v. Hirzel, 29 Idaho 438, 161 P. 854 (1916).

Oklahoma ex rel. Phillips v. Guy F. Atkinson Co., 313 U.S. 508, 85 L.ed 1487 (1941).
Oregon ex rel. State Land Board v. Corvallis Sand and Gravel Company, 429 U.S. 363, 50 L.ed 2d 550 (1977), rev'g 272 Or. 545, 536 P.2d 517, 272 Or. 550, 538 P.2d 70, 283 Or. 147, -- P.2d -- (1978.)
Ortel v. Stone, 119 Wash. 500, 205 P. 1055 (1922).

Packer v. Bird, 137 U.S. 661, 34 L.ed 819 (1891).
People v. California Fish Co., 166 Cal. 576, 138 P. 79 (1913).
People v. Chicago Park District, 66 Ill.2d 65, 360 N.E.2d 773 (1976).
People v. Mack, 97 Cal.Rptr. 448, 19 Cal.App.3d 1040 (1971).
People. v. New York and Staten Island Ferry Co., 68 N.Y. 71 (1877).
People v. Southern Pacific R. Co., 166 Cal. 627, 138 P. 103 (1913).
People ex rel. San Francisco BCDC v. Town of Emeryville, 69 Cal.2d 533, 446 P.2d 790, 72 Cal.Rptr. 790 (1968).
People v. Truckee Lumber Co., 116 Cal. 397, 48 P. 374 (1897).
Perry v. State of California, 139 C.A.2d 379, 293 P.2d 480 (1956).
Pollard v. Hagan, 44 U.S. (3 How.) 212,11 L.ed 565 (1845).
Port of Seattle v. Oregon & Washington R.R., 255 U.S. 56, 65 L.ed 500~1921).
Proctor v. Sim, 134 Wash. 606, 236 P. 114 (1925).
Puget Mill Co v. State, 93 Wash. 128, 160 P. 310 (1916).

Ritter v. Standahl, 98 Idaho 446, 566 P.2d 769 (1977).
Robbins v. Department of Public Works, 355 Mass. 328, 244 N.E.2d 577 (1969).
Rogers Locomotive Machine Works v. American Emigrant Company, 164 U.S. 559, 41 L.ed 552 (1896).
Rutledge v. State, 94 Idaho 121, 482 P.2d 515 (1971).

Sacco v. Department of Public Works, 352 Mass. 670, 227 N.E.2d 478 (1967).
San Francisco v. LeRoy, 138 U.S. 656, 34 L.ed 1096 (1890).
San Francisco Sav. Union v. Irwin, 28 F. 708 (Cir.Ct., D.Cal. 1886), aff'd 136 U.S. 578, 34 L.ed 540 (1890).
Saxon v. Division of State Lands, 31 Or.App. 511, 570 P.2d 1197 (1977).
Scott v. Lattig, 227 U.S. 229, 57 L.ed 490 (1913), rev'q Lattig v. Scott, 17 Idaho 506, 107 P. 47 (1910).
Scranton v. Wheeler, 179 U.S. 141, 45 L.ed 126 (1900), aff'g 113 Mich. 565, 71 N.W. 1091.
Shively v. Bowlby, 152 U.S. 1, 38 L.ed 331 (1894), aff'g 22 Or. 410.
Smith v. Maryland, 59 U.S. (18 How.) 71, 15 L.ed 269 (1855).
Snively v. Jaber, 48 Wash.2d 815, 296 P.2d 1015 (1956).
Snively v. State, 167 Wash. 385, 9 P.2d 773 (1932).
Southern Idaho Fish and Game Ass'n v. Picabo Livestock Co., 96 Idaho 360, 528 P.2d 1295 (1974).
State v. Bauman, 16 Or.App. 275, 517 P.2d 1202 (1974).
State (by Burnquist) v. Bollenbach, 241 Minn. 103, 63 N.W.2d 278 (1954).
State v. Bowling Green, 38 Ohio St.2d 281, 313 N.E. 2d 409 (1974).
State v. Bunkowski, 88 Nev, 623, 503 P.2d 1231 (1972).
State v. Cenac, 132 So.2d 897 (La.App.lst Cir.), cert. denied 241 La. 1055, 132 So.2d 928 (1961).
State v. Cleveland & Pittsburgh R.R., 94 Ohio St. 61, 113 N.E. 677 (1916).
State v. Hume, 52 Or. 1, 95 P. 808 (1908).
State v. Public Service Comm'n, 275 Wis. 112, 81 N.W.2d 71 (1957).
State v. Superior Court of Orange County, 115 Cal.Rptr. 497, 524 P.2d 1281 (1974) (Veta case).
State v. Wright, 84 Wash.2d 645, 529 P.2d 453 (1974).
State (by Kobayashi) v. Zimring, 58 Hawaii 106, 566 P.2d 725 (1977).
State Engineer v. Cowles Bros., Inc.. 86 Nev. 872, 478 P.2d 159 (1970).
State ex rel. Thornton v. Hay, 254 Or. 584, 462 P.2d 671 (1969) (Beach Law case).
State Highway Commission v. Fultz, 261 Or. 289, 491 P.2d 1171 (1971).
State Land Board v. Heuker, 25 Or.App. 137, 548 P.2d 1323 (1976).
State of Wyoming v. Hoffman, 437 F.Supp. 114 (D.Wyo. 1977).
State Water Conservation Board v. Enking, 56 Idaho 722, 58 P.2d 779 (1936).
Stockton v. Baltimore and N.Y.R. Co., 32 F. 9 (Cir.Ct., D.N.J. 1887), appeal dismissed 140 U.S. 699, 35 L.ed 603.
Stoughton v. Baker, 4 Mass. 522 (1808).

Taylor Sands Fishing Co. v. State Land Board, 56 Or. 157, 108 P. 126 (1910).
Taylor v. Commonwealth, 102 Va. 759, 47 S.E. 875, 102 Am.St.Rep. 865 (1904).
Taylor v. Underhill, 40 Cal. 471 (1871).
Territory v. Liliuokalani, 14 Haw. 88 (1902).
Texas Oyster Growers Association v. Odom, 385 S.W.2d 899 (Tex.Ct.Civ.App. 1965).
The Daniel Ball, 77 U.S. 557, 19 L.ed 999 (1871).
The Propellor Genesee Chief v. Fitzhugh, 53 U.S. (12 Haw.) 443, 13 L.ed 1058 (1851).
The Steamboat Thomas Jefferson, 23 U.S. (10 Wheat.) 428, 6 L.ed 358 (1825).
Twombley v. City of Long Beach, 333 f.2d 685 (9th Cir. 1964).

United States v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 311 U.S. 377, 85 L.ed 243 (1940).
United States v. Brown, 552 F.2d 817 (8th Cir. 1977), cert. denied 431 U.S. 949 (1977), aff'g 431 F.Supp. 56 (D.Minn. 1976).
United States v. California, 332 U.S. 19, 91 L.ed 1889 (1947).
United States v. California, 344 U.S. 872, 97 L.ed 676 (1952.)
United States v. California, 381-U.S. 139, 14 L.ed 2d 296 (1965), reh. denied 382 U.S. 889 (1965).
United States v. California, 382 U.S. 448, 15 L.ed 2d 517 (1966), 432 U.S. 40, 53 L.ed 2d 94 (1977).
United States v. Chandler-Dunbar Water Power Co., 229 U.S. 53, 57 L.ed 1063 (1913).
United States v. Chicago, M., St. P. and P. R. Co., 312 U.S. 592, 85 L.ed 1064 (1941).
United States v. Cress, 243 U.S. 316, 61 L.ed 746 (1917).
United States v. 8,968.06 Acres of Land, etc. Texas, 326 F.Supp. 546 (S.D. Texas, 1971).
United States v. Florida, 363 U.S. 121, 4 L.ed 2d 1096 (1959).
United States v. Gerlach Live Stock Co., 339 U.S. 725, 94 L.ed 1231 (1950).
United States v Grand River Dam Authority, 363 U.S. 229, 4 L.ed 2d 1186, reh. denied 364 U.S. 855, 5 L.ed 2d 279 (1960).
United States v. Holt State Bank, 270 U.S. 49, 70 L.ed 465 (1926).
United States v. Kaiser Aetna, 408 F.Supp. 42 (D. Haw. 1976)
United States v. Kansas City Life Ins. Co., 339 U.S. 799, 94 L.ed 1277 (1950).
United States v. Louisiana, 127 U.S. 182, 32 L.ed 66 (1887), rev'g 22 Ct.Cl. 85.
United States v. Louisiana, 339 U.S. 699, 94. L.ed 1216 (1950).
United States v. Louisiana, 363 U.S. 1, 4 L.ed 2d 1025 (1960), reh. denied 364 U.S. 856, 5 L.ed 2d 80 (1959).
United States v. Lynah, 188 U.S. 445, 47 L.ed 539 (1903).
United States v. Joseph G. Moretti, Inc., 478 F.2d 418 (5th Cir. 1973).
United States v. Joseph G. Moretti, Inc., 526 F.2d 1306 (5th Cir. 1976).
United States v. Oregon, 295 U.S. 1, 79 L.ed 1267 (1935) (Malheur Lake case).
United States v. Otley, 127 F.2d 988 (9th Cir. 1942), aff'g in part, modifying in part, and remanding in part, 34 F.Supp. 182 (D.Or. 1940).
United States v. Rands, 389 U.S. 121, 19 L.ed 2d 329 (1967).
United States v. Ray, 423 F.2d 16 (5th Cir. 1970).
United States v. River Rouge Co., 269 U.S. 411 (1926).
United States v. Sexton Cove Estates, Inc., 526 F.2d 1293 (5th Cir. 1976).
United States v. State of Alaska, 423 F.2d 764 (9th Cir. 1970).
United States v. Stoeco Homes, Inc., 498 F.2d 597 (3d Cir. 1974).
United States v. Texas, 339 U.S. 707, 94 L.ed 1221 (1950).
United States v. Twin City Power Co., 350 U.S. 222, 100 L.ed 240 (1956).
United States v. 2,899.17 Acres of Land, 269 F.Supp. 903 (M.D. Fla. 1967).
United States v. Utah, 283 U.S. 64, 75 L.ed 844 (1931).
United States v. Virginia Electric and Power Company, 365 U.S. 624, 5 L.ed 2d 838 (1961).
United States v. Willow River Power Co., 365 U.S. 499, 89 L.ed 1101 (1945).
United States v. Winans, 198 U.S. 371, 49 L.ed 1089 (1905).
Utah v. United States, 403 U.S. 9, 29 L.ed 2d 279 (1971).

Van Ness v. Borough of Deal, 139 N.J. Super. 83, 352 A.2d 599 (Ch.Div. 1975), rev'd by 145 N.J. Super. 368, 367 A.2d 1191 (App.Div. 1976).

Watuppa Reservoir Co. v. Fall River, 147 Mass. 548, 18 N.E. 465 (1888).
Weber v. Board of State Harbor Commissioners, 85 U.S. (18 Wall.) 798, 21 L.ed 798 (1873).
Weise v. Smith, 3 Or. 445 (1869).
Weiszmann v. District Engineer, U.S. _Army Corps of Engineers, 526 F.2d 13O2 (5th Cir. 1976).
Wilbour v. Gallagher, 77 Wash.2d 306, 462 P.2d 232 (1969), cert. denied 400 U.S. 878, 27 L.ed 2d 115 (1970) (Lake Chelan case).
Willamette Iron Bridge Co. v. Hatch, 125 U.S. 1, 31 L.ed 629 (1888).
Willow River Club v. Wade, 100 Wis. 86, 76 N.W. 273 (1898).
Winters v. United States, 207 U.S. 564, 52 L.ed 340 (1908).
Wisconsin v. Illinois, 278 U.S. 367, 73 L.ed 426 (1929).
Wright v. Roseberry, 121 U.S. 488, 30 L.ed 1039 (1887).

Yates v. Milwaukee, 77 U.S. (1O Wall.) 497, 19 L.ed 984 (1870).

Zabel v. Tabb, 430 F.2d 199 (5th Cir. 1970) cert. denied, 401 U.S. 910 (1971).

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